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- * Alpha-2-macroglobulin family thiolester region signature *
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-
- The proteinase-binding alpha-macroglobulins (A2M) [1] are large glycoproteins
- found in the plasma of vertebrates, in the hemolymph of some invertebrates
- and in reptilian and avian egg white. A2M-like proteins are able to inhibit
- all four classes of proteinases by a 'trapping' mechanism. They have a
- peptide stretch, called the 'bait region', which contains specific cleavage
- sites for different proteinases. When a proteinase cleaves the bait region, a
- conformational change is induced in the protein, thus trapping the proteinase.
- The entrapped enzyme remains active against low molecular weight substrates,
- whilst its activity toward larger substrates is greatly reduced, due to
- steric hindrance. Following cleavage in the bait region, a thiol ester bond,
- formed between the side chains of a cysteine and a glutamine, is cleaved and
- mediates the covalent binding of the A2M-like protein to the proteinase.
-
- The proteins which are known to belong to this family are:
-
- - Alpha-2-macroglobulin from mammals, lobster, and crayfish.
- - Alpha-1-inhibitor III from rat.
- - Pregnancy zone protein (PZP) from human.
- - Ovostatin from birds.
-
- - Complement components C3, C4 and C5. These proteins do not inhibit
- proteinases. C3 plays a central role in the activation of both classical
- and alternative complement pathways. After C3 is cleaved to form C3b, it
- can bind covalently, via its reactive thiol ester bond, to cell surface
- carbohydrates or immune aggregates. Similarily C4, once activated to C4b,
- can bind to various molecules.
-
- As a signature pattern for this family of proteins, we have selected the
- region containing the two residues involved in the thiol ester bond.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [PG]-x-[GS]-C-[GA]-E-[EQ]-x-[LIVM]
- [C and E/Q are involved in the thiol ester bond]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for complement component C5 which has lost the residues implicated in the
- thiol ester bond.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Expert(s) to contact by email: van Leuven F.
- fred@blekul13.bitnet
-
- -Last update: May 1991 / First entry.
-
- [ 1] Sottrup-Jensen L.
- J. Biol. Chem. 264:11539-11542(1989).
-